2. Accuracy with Words & Pronunciation:

Students need to be able to use words, structures and pronunciation accurately.

It is crucial to use words, structures, and pronunciation accurately while speaking. Inaccurate usage can lead to miscommunication or confusion. Learners should be encouraged to practice their pronunciation and use words and structures correctly to avoid misunderstanding.

3. Using Functions:

Students need to be able to use specific phrases for purposes like giving advice, apologizing, etc.

Using specific phrases for specific purposes like giving advice, apologizing, or making suggestions can help individuals communicate more effectively. Learners should be taught how to use these phrases appropriately and encouraged to use them in conversation.

4. Appropriacy:

Students need to be able to use language appropriate for a situation and make decisions about formality and choice of grammar or vocabulary.

It is essential to use language that is appropriate for the situation and make decisions about the formality and choice of grammar or vocabulary. For example, using slang may be inappropriate in a formal setting. Learners should be taught how to use appropriate language in different settings to avoid offending others or appearing unprofessional.

5. Turn-taking Skills:

Students need to be able to use ways of interjecting, eliciting an interjection or preventing one.

Turn-taking skills involve using ways of interjecting, eliciting an interjection, or preventing one. It is important to use these skills to avoid interrupting others or being interrupted. Learners should be taught how to use these skills to ensure that communication is smooth and effective.

6. Relevant Length:

Students need to be able to speak at a length appropriate to a situation.

Speaking at a length appropriate to the situation is important. Overly long or short responses can lead to confusion or disinterest. Learners should be taught how to tailor their responses to the situation and avoid going off-topic.

7. Responding and Initiating:

Students need to be able to manage a conversation by making responses, asking for a response or introducing a new topic or idea.

Being able to manage a conversation by making responses, asking for a response, or introducing a new topic or idea can help individuals become effective communicators. Learners should be taught how to initiate and respond to conversation to keep it flowing and engaging.

8. Repair and Repetition:

Students need to be able to repeat or rephrase parts of a conversation when they suspect that what was said was not understood.

When individuals suspect that what was said was not understood, they should be able to repeat or rephrase parts of a conversation. This can help avoid confusion and ensure that the message is conveyed effectively. Learners should be taught how to recognize when clarification is needed and how to effectively ask for or provide it.

9. Range of Words and Grammar:

Students need to be able to use particular grammar and/or vocabulary for speaking on a specific or for doing a specific task.

Being able to use particular grammar and/or vocabulary for speaking on a specific topic or for doing a specific task can help individuals become effective communicators. Learners should be taught how to use vocabulary and grammar appropriately for different situations to communicate their message effectively.

10. Discourse Markers:

Students need to be able to use words/phrases which organize a talk (e.g. firstly, secondly, on the other hand, to summarize).

Discourse markers are words or phrases that organize a talk, such as firstly, secondly, on the other hand, or to summarize. Using these markers can help structure the message and make it easier to understand. Learners should be taught how to use discourse markers to make their message clearer and more organized.

In conclusion, it is essential for learners to develop these ten speaking sub-skills to become effective communicators. As a teacher trainer, it is important to provide learners with ample opportunities to practice and develop these sub-skills through various activities and exercises. By mastering these sub-skills, learners can become effective communicators and succeed in various personal and professional settings.